# Against the “Research vs. Olympiads” Mantra

There’s a Mantra that you often hear in math contest discussions: “math olympiads are very different from math research”. (For known instances, see O’Neil, Tao, and more. More neutral stances: Monks, Xu.)

It’s true. And I wish people would stop saying it.

Every time I’ve heard the Mantra, it set off a little red siren in my head: something felt wrong. And I could never figure out quite why until last July. There was some (silly) forum discussion about how Allen Liu had done extraordinarily on math contests over the past year. Then someone says:

A: Darn, what math problem can he not do?!

B: I’ll go out on a limb and say that the answer to this is “most of the problems worth asking.” We’ll see where this stands in two years, at which point the answer will almost certainly change, but research $\neq$ Olympiads.

Then it hit me.

## Ping-pong vs. Tennis

Let’s try the following thought experiment. Consider a world-class ping-pong player, call her Sarah. She has a fan-base talking about her pr0 ping-pong skills. Then someone comes along as says:

Well, table tennis isn’t the same as tennis.

To which I and everyone else reasonable would say, “uh, so what?”. It’s true, but totally irrelevant; ping-pong and tennis are just not related. Maybe Sarah will be better than average at tennis, but there’s no reason to expect her to be world-class in that too.

And yet we say exactly the same thing for olympiads versus research. Someone wins the IMO, out pops the Mantra. Even if the Mantra is true when taken literally, it’s implicitly sending the message there’s something wrong with being good at contests and not good at research.

So now I ask: just what is wrong with that? To answer this question, I first need to answer: “what is math?”.

There’s been a trick played with this debate, and you can’t see it unless you taboo the word “math”. The word “math” can refer to a bunch of things, like:

• Training for contest problems like USAMO/IMO, or
• Learning undergraduate/graduate materials like algebra and analysis, or
• Working on open problems and conjectures (“research”).

So here’s the trick. The research community managed to claim the name “math”, leaving only “math contests” for the olympiad community. Now the sentence

“Math contests should be relevant to math”

seems totally innocuous. But taboo the world “math”, and you get

“Olympiads should be relevant to research”

and then you notice something’s wrong. In other words, since “math” is a substring of “math contests”, it suddenly seems like the olympiads are subordinate to research. All because of an accident in naming.

Since when? Everyone agrees that olympiads and research are different things, but it does not then follow that “olympiads are useless”. Even if ping-pong is called “table tennis”, that doesn’t mean the top ping-pong players are somehow inferior to top tennis players. (And the scary thing is that in a world without the name “ping-pong”, I can imagine some people actually thinking so.)

I think for many students, olympiads do a lot of good, independent of any value to future math research. Math olympiads give high school students something interesting to work on, and even the training process for a contest such that the IMO carries valuable life lessons: it teaches you how to work hard even in the face of possible failure, and what it’s like to be competitive at an international level (i.e. what it’s like to become really good at something after years of hard work). The peer group that math contests give is also wonderful, and quite similar to the kind of people you’d meet at a top-tier university (and in some cases, they’re more or less the same people). And the problem solving ability you gain from math contests is indisputably helpful elsewhere in life. Consequently, I’m well on record as saying the biggest benefits of math contests have nothing to do with math.

There are also more mundane (but valid) reasons (they help get students out of the classroom, and other standard blurbs about STEM and so on). And as a matter of taste I also think contest problems are interesting and beautiful in their own right. You could even try to make more direct comparisons (for example, I’d guess the average arXiv paper in algebraic geometry gets less attention than the average IMO geometry problem), but that’s a point for another blog post entirely.

## The Right and Virtuous Path

Which now leads me to what I think is a culture issue.

MOP alumni prior to maybe 2010 or so were classified into two groups. They would either go on to math research, which was somehow seen as the “right and virtuous path“, or they would defect to software/finance/applied math/etc. Somehow there is always this implicit, unspoken message that the smart MOPpers do math research and the dumb MOPpers drop out.

I’ll tell you how I realized why I didn’t like the Mantra: it’s because the only time I hear the Mantra is when someone is belittling olympiad medalists.

The Mantra says that the USA winning the IMO is no big deal. The Mantra says Allen Liu isn’t part of the “smart club” until he succeeds in research too. The Mantra says that the countless time and energy put into running each year’s MOP are a waste of time. The Mantra says that the students who eventually drop out of math research are “not actually good at math” and “just good at taking tests”. The Mantra even tells outsiders that they, too, can be great researchers, because olympiads are useless anyways.

The Mantra is math research’s recruiting slogan.

And I think this is harmful. The purpose of olympiads was never to produce more math researchers. If it’s really the case that olympiads and research are totally different, then we should expect relatively few olympiad students to go into research; yet in practice, a lot of them do. I think one could make a case that a lot of the past olympiad students are going into math research without realizing that they’re getting into something totally unrelated, just because the sign at the door said “math”. One could also make a case that it’s very harmful for those that don’t do research, or try research and then decide they don’t like it: suddenly these students don’t think they’re “good at math” any more, they’re not smart enough be a mathematician, etc.

But we need this kind of problem-solving skill and talent too much for it to all be spent on computing R(6,6). Richard Rusczyk’s take from Math Prize for Girls 2014 is:

When people ask me, am I disappointed when my students don’t go off and be mathematicians, my answer is I’d be very disappointed if they all did. We need people who can think about these complex problems and solve really hard problems they haven’t seen before everywhere. It’s not just in math, it’s not just in the sciences, it’s not just in medicine — I mean, what we’d give to get some of them in Congress!

Academia is a fine career, but there’s tons of other options out there: the research community may denounce those who switch out as failures, but I’m sure society will take them with open arms.

To close, I really like this (sarcastic) comment from Steven Karp (near bottom):

Contest math is inaccessible to over 90% of people as it is, and then we’re supposed to tell those that get it that even that isn’t real math? While we’re at it, let’s tell Vi Hart to stop making videos because they don’t accurately represent math research.

Thanks first of all for the many long and thoughtful comments from everyone (both here, on Facebook, in private, and so on). It’s given me a lot to think about.

Here’s my responses to some of the points that were raised, which is necessarily incomplete because of the volume of discussion.

1. To start off, it was suggested I should explicitly clarify: I do not mean to imply that people who didn’t do well on contests cannot do well in math research. So let me say that now.

2. My favorite comment that I got was that in fact this whole post pattern matches with bravery debates.

On one hand you have lots of olympiad students who actually FEEL BAD about winning medals because they “weren’t doing real math”. But on the other hand there are students whose parents tell them to not pursue math as a major or career because of low contest scores. These students (and their parents) would benefit a lot from the Mantra; so I concede that there are indeed good use cases of the Mantra (such as those that Anonymous Chicken, betaveros describe below) and in particular the Mantra is not intrinsically bad.

Which of these use is the “common use” probably depends on which tribes you are part of (guess which one I see more?). It’s interesting in that in this case, the two sides actually agree on the basic fact (that contests and research are not so correlated).

3. Some people point out that research is a career while contests aren’t. I am not convinced by this; I don’t think “is a career” is a good metric for measuring value to society, and can think of several examples of actual jobs that I think really should not exist (not saying any names). In addition, I think that if the general public understood what mathematicians actually do for a career, they just might be a little less willing to pay us.

I think there’s an interesting discussion about whether contests / research are “valuable” or not, but I don’t think the answer is one-sided; this would warrant a whole different debate (and would derail the entire post if I tried to address it).

4. Some people point out that training for olympiads yields diminishing returns (e.g. learning Muirhead and Schur is probably not useful for anything else). I guess this is true, but isn’t it true of almost anything? Maybe the point is supposed to be “olympiads aren’t everything”, which is agreeable (see below).

5. The other favorite comment I got was from Another Chicken, who points out below that the olympiad tribe itself is elitist: they tend to wall themselves off from outsiders (I certainly do this), and undervalue anything that isn’t hard technical problems.

I concede these are real problems with the olympiad community. Again, this could be a whole different blog post.

But I think this comment missed the point of this post. It is probably fine (albeit patronizing) to encourage olympiad students to expand; but I have a big problem with framing it as “spend time on not-contests because research“. That’s the real issue with the Mantra: it is often used as a recruitment slogan, telling students that research is the next true test after the IMO has been conquered.

Changing the Golden Metric from olympiads to research seems to just make the world more egotistic than it already is.

## 32 thoughts on “Against the “Research vs. Olympiads” Mantra”

1. Anonymous Chicken

I don’t think that the articles in the links you provided in the beginning of this article were reciting the “mantra” in order to “belittle Olympiad medalists” – I think the purpose of those articles was to encourage students who did not perform well in Olympiads to not think they are “bad at math”.

I totally agree that the remarks made in the “Allen Liu” thread regarding Allen’s research potential were totally rude, and if any of your professors have been like “don’t get too cocky just because you were good at Olympiads in high school” that’s even more rude – we praise Michael Phelps for swimming and Usain Bolt for running and don’t ask “how fast can Michael Phelps run or Usain Bolt swim”. Once somebody has put in the effort to become very good at contest math, they deserve all the respect one can give them, and so much more. Lastly glorifying math research over other potential contributions to society is vastly greater evil that is beyond the scope of simple “respect for Olympians”.

That being said, from the perspective of what advice giving to a student deciding on whether or not to make the “contest math” investment of their hard work, they should understand certain things about the benefits of contest math and the limitations of these. You and Richard Rusczyk usually only tell one side of the story. Allow me to tell the other.

In my experience, the benefits of contest math for problem solving as it transfers to anything, not just higher math, are mostly felt at the beginning, where on your first couple of Olympiad problems you have something concrete on which to illustrate the process of how to think about hard problems. Olympiad problems are furthermore not the only way to obtain this experience.

Meanwhile doing hundreds of Olympiad problems certainly makes you better at taking the IMO or USAMO but I am not convinced that it’s a better head fake for solving problems outside of competition math (including outside of higher math) than solving 2 or 3 Olympiad problems and keeping one in your mind as a mental model of how to deal with hard problems because the subsequent Olympiad problems will mainly differ from your first few in the material, and the material for other types of hard problems besides contest math problems will always be very different from that of Olympiad problems. And again, even the value of the first couple of Olympiad problems can be obtained alternatively from doing certain things that are different from contest math entirely.

Therefore, before a student gets into contest math, it is my humble opinion that they should be aware that it is not the most profitable investment of their hard work for the purpose of being able to advance their career the most for the least amount of effort later in life (maximizing the “conservation” of the hard work they put in so that it can be redeemed in the future in the form of them having to work less per career goal) – that would probably come from having a notion of “where they are from” which illustrates both problem solving process and develops insight into topics through which they are somewhat likely to add to the conversation of problems of greater relevance to potential careers.

That being said, if it is more fun for them to take the Olympiad route, it should still be counted as “career” rather than purely “hobby” for time management purposes because for the reasons you have specified, Olympiads are still educational. And if they put in the effort to get really good, they certainly deserve a whole lot of respect and not “oh you haven’t learned any undergrad math (or applied math/coding/finance/whatever) what will you do in the real world?” (a special case of which is the research vs Olympiads mantra that perhaps from some who utter it has additional the ulterior motive of research math trying to sell itself, potentially at the expense of other careers, in which case it is way worse) because Olympiad students are still much better prepared for life than the average “successful” (for reasonable definition of “successful”) person was when just getting out of high school. I would definitely argue that a good chunk of the “critical thinking” college tries to teach you (regardless of subject matter) is redundant for Olympiad students.

But what if you learn those same “critical thinking” skills from a highly independent self-study experience in middle school during the chunk of free time that one often has in middle school but also become familiar with content that you are then able to put in “tension” (for the purpose of getting insight towards progress out of this “tension”) with the existing literature on some kind of problem (in higher math or otherwise) when writing to somebody in a position of power in the search for research opportunities (in any field), internships or jobs as an undergraduate – and then this is the starting point for your career?

I think Richard’s article “the calculus trap” is a particularly dangerous one. Most middle schoolers who learn calculus aren’t doing it “because its the next thing” but in connection with meaningful applications that could very well be the beginnings of their career – but aren’t mature enough to see the distinction when they read an article like the “calculus trap” that insults their work. To bright yet immature middle schoolers, the article “the calculus trap” sends the message “focus on competition math and eschew learning advanced concepts (even if those concepts help you do really meaningful work) because you’re not a genius until you master every little contest trick” (even if that last bit is the opposite of what Richard means – I am in no way condemning Richard’s intentions in writing the article, I just think he needs to better understand how to avoid sweeping generalizations that don’t cover each student’s case when the target audience isn’t usually mature enough to take such generalizations with a grain of salt because otherwise he can cause large amounts of unintentional damage).

The article caused people on the AoPS forums to criticize the media attention given to JACOB BARNETT – who they mocked for performing integration by parts on a window for Glenn Beck – saying there are “hundreds of him on AoPS” – when right now Jacob is 18 and enrolled in a PhD program. So there are hundreds of AoPSers doing their PhDs at 18? This is not the same as early college. This means that the professors at that university took care of what was important to them by recruiting him for his potential to produce quality research output. Talented students that will be able to do research are not identified by PhD admissions on the basis of “media hype” and “parental coddling” which AoPSers accused Jacob Barnett’s case as being an example of.

Jacob Barnett was disrespected on AoPS a lot more than Allen Liu.

Thus while obviously it is much more problematic to glorify research math over applied math/coding/finance etc. in terms of what Olympians do in the long run, I don’t think this is the context for the “Olympiads vs research mantra” as it appears in the AoPS community. In the AoPS community, the original sin is the writing of the article “the calculus trap” – a false imperative to eschew all kinds of career focused learning for contest math (because duh, most math careers use calculus, but middle schoolers and 9th graders are immature and get all kinds of false ideas from that article).

If you want the “Olympiads vs research mantra” to stop, you should also use your influence on AoPS to get Richard to take down the article “the calculus trap” and stop talking about how “contest math is good and acceleration is bad” when really they are very different, not mutually exclusive, and “acceleration” is not synonymous with “calculate a bunch of derivatives and integrals and think you’re a genius” which was clearly not Jacob’s thought process when he showed Glenn Beck integration by parts on a window as he has been recruited by a PhD program.

Of course, it can then be replaced by the excellent article “Against the “Research vs. Olympiads” Mantra” which is something all AoPSers, and not just those who follow your blog, should be aware of.

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

I realize the paragraph:

“The article caused people on the AoPS forums to criticize the media attention given to JACOB BARNETT – who they mocked for performing integration by parts on a window for Glenn Beck – saying there are “hundreds of him on AoPS” – when right now Jacob is 18 and enrolled in a PhD program. So there are hundreds of AoPSers doing their PhDs at 18? This is not the same as early college. This means that the professors at that university took care of what was important to them by recruiting him for his potential to produce quality research output. Talented students that will be able to do research are not identified by PhD admissions on the basis of “media hype” and “parental coddling” which AoPSers accused Jacob Barnett’s case as being an example of.”

could be misinterpreted as the “Olympiads vs research mantra”. It’s not – the point is just that Jacob is genuinely further along in his career than many AoPSers (who at his age are usually in college and still broadening their perspectives and haven’t gotten to the research/professional level in any topic/industry – I am not saying that one topic/industry is better than any other other but just that usually there is an end goal for being a college student, and Jacob is closer to his end goal than they are to their (different) end goals) due to his work so his work was not being exaggerated by his parents or the media, which is the important part (that this criticism of him and his parents and the media was false in addition to rude).

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

(Darn, does this blog let you edit posts?) Also I’m perfectly aware that most people who read “the calculus trap” do learn calculus in high school – I just think the article encourages people to eschew calculus based work like Jacob Barnett’s personal projects in favor of contest math during their free time, because even if the main idea of Jacob’s work was never “calculus”, this is a subtlety that’s easy to miss when you’re 13-14 years old. It also makes middle schoolers who did calculus and no MATHCOUNTS in middle school feel less prepared for “problem solving” than the ones who did MATHCOUNTS – and I would say calculus is better preparation than MATHCOUNTS for all future activities, including Olympiads, for a middle schooler.

Like

• Steve is not a creative person

For some reason I can’t reply to your most recent comment, so I’ll just reply here.

I realized that the final paragraph of my previous reply was ambiguous. I was in no way criticizing Jacob Barnett, and when I said “immature young kids,” I was referring to some of the AoPS members on that thread. I hope this clears my comment up a bit.

I’m also of the belief that doing research without the necessary qualifications can be a meaningful experience. The problem seems to be that people who don’t have much knowledge of some field also generally have little knowledge about the breadth of the field, which can lead to some extremely unrealistic expectations. If less experienced students applied for research opportunities with some more realistic expectations, they could learn something valuable. For instance, one of the big problems is that academia has very little public outreach. It’s almost like a cult. Maybe there is some Hollywood notion of the reclusive mathematician who sits in front of the blackboard all day and produces some equations out of thin air, but the general public doesn’t know anything about what any of it is actually like. They don’t know how collaborative it all is. They don’t know that there is a lot of digging to be done, a lot of relevant literature to catch up on, a lot of references to consult. Nobody really comes up with magical insights out of nowhere that revolutionize the entire field. So to make up for this lack of exposure, some ambitious kids could see the process up close, which can help them decide earlier on if they even want to pursue research. But the earlier point of diminishing returns is still true here. At that stage, there is far more to gain by learning about the general process than there is by trying to achieve mastery of the domain.

And I happen to think differently on the delusion issue: I think for most inexperienced students, getting them involved in research they are not prepared for is more likely to disillusion them, rather than delude them.

Oops, I feel like I’m kind of getting off topic.

Like

• Steve is not a creative person

You some good arguments. I mostly agree with you about that calculus trap article. While the intentions of that article are good, the actual point may not be presented explicitly enough for less mature students to see right away, which can be somewhat disastrous. I find myself constantly having to tell younger students that the article doesn’t actually recommend that you put off calculus and higher math for as long as possible; that calculus was only used in the analogy because it’s usually perceived by students and the general public as being the “last” or “highest” high school math class. In fact, judging by the response the article got on Reddit, even many of the older students find themselves confused about the actual meaning.

And I agree with your insights about the diminishing returns you get when you spend an excessive amount of time on olympiad math. I think this is true for anything, really. If the activity is done with the intent of getting indirectly good at something, but not necessarily the activity itself, then people should be cautious about how much time they’re spending on it.

But about that Jacob Barnett thing… It seems like most of the hate was mostly a knee-jerk reaction towards the excessive media sensationalism. Claiming that a 12-year-old child “expanded Einstein’s theory of relativity” and then focusing entirely on him computing some trivial integrals is certain to leave some people skeptical. And being immature young kids, some will make some pretty strong claims without knowing much about what they’re talking about. I’m not very convinced that it has much to do with the calculus trap.

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

Thank you for your feedback Steve! I did not know Richard’s article was posted on reddit, I only know of it being posted in the AoPS section “articles” where nobody can comment with a dissenting opinion and thus middle schoolers and high schoolers reading it won’t get an alternative perspective or any highlighting of the dangerous generalizations that article makes. That’s why I think it is in a dangerous place when perched on that unquestionable pedestals of AoPS articles written by the “great and glorious founders of AoPS” who many of the target audience are too young to realize are only human (and this puts an ENORMOUS amount of responsibility on their shoulders, because every word they say has the potential to greatly impact the decisions of AoPSers and not just give them a perspective on what can be done).

With regards to Jacob Barnett, any specific journalist who was claiming Jacob “expanded Einstein’s theory of relativity” would be misquoting Jacob and his parents who only claimed Jacob was working on trying to disprove Einstein’s theory of relativity – whether he was actually at the research level in this topic or not is immaterial because even if he was not, the delusion that he was motivated him to work hard and that hard work has clearly gotten him into a PhD program at an age when most students are not at the research level in any topic, while he at least shows promise as a researcher whether or not he is at the research level in the topic of cases against Einsteinian relativity.

I think if more of the middle schoolers who spend a lot of time on contest math used their time somewhat more like the way Jacob used it, they would have:

1. more interesting conversations when pursuing research/internships/jobs as undergraduates than conversations about what their resume items are, instead reflecting on their middle school experiences and saying “I think we should put idea X in conversation with question Y and this seems like a good idea because Z” where the connections between X, Y and Z are genuinely meaningful because the student knows what they’re talking about.

2. more importantly an easier and more efficient time getting the desired results when in these positions because their experience in middle school helped them get to the “original insight” level in idea X, even if question Y and reason Z are new opportunities to apply idea X they found later on.

I think a lot of young researchers get relegated to “tube cleaning” tasks because they approach more experienced researchers (in academia or industry) “looking to work with them” rather than “looking to make mutually beneficial deals” where the student has some matter under their belt. This is something Evan has criticized about trying to do research at a low level of the knowledge ladder, while he instead emphasized focus on learning advanced concepts independently of research goals. For me, even the delusion of doing cutting edge research has always made the process of learning advanced concepts much more fun for me and I think the fact I get more motivated by goals than by “curiosity” is just part of who I am (I have a somewhat controversial Jungian explanation for it) and could also be part of the core personalities of a much bigger fraction of the population.

Also I think it is considerably harder to get to the genuine research level in pure math topics than in topics in other fields, independently on how it is also easier to get “tube cleaning internships” in other fields (and honestly making the relegating of students to “tube cleaning internships” in these other fields all the more reprehensible). I’d be interested to hear Evan’s perspective on this.

To bring another of Evan’s articles into conversation with this, I’d say for middle schoolers to develop notions of “where I am from” to use in college enables them to use the negation of EMH to accomplish goals that apply those areas. And to Evan, you wrote “This is the main value of talking to people with different specialties. It’s not merely that they see things differently; that’s tautologically true. The sinker is that smart people in different fields can often see that large portions of the population are blatantly wrong. It’s the word “blatantly” that’s important! I make fun of college all the time. I wonder who’s making fun of me.” I am definitely not making fun of you, but do you think that you’re seeing things you didn’t previously see from my posts?

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

Again, I can’t reply to your most recent comment so I’ll just reply here. Getting involved with research you aren’t prepared for won’t disillusion if at the end of the day you realize “wow I learned all of these things I would never otherwise have had the motivation to learn. Even if I haven’t discovered anything now I can write genuinely smart emails to professors with my own logical creative ideas and not even attach my resume. Then maybe with their guidance I can actually discover something new.” Of course you have to have the type of personality that doesn’t give up or move on easily, but that’s pretty helpful for research at any level.

Like

• > I don’t think that the articles in the links you provided in the beginning of this article were reciting the “mantra” in order to “belittle Olympiad medalists” – I think the purpose of those articles was to encourage students who did not perform well in Olympiads to not think they are “bad at math”.

Sure, that’s certainly valid. Someone (AM) pointed out to me there’s to some extent a “bravery debate” dynamic here, which I think is correct. (http://slatestarcodex.com/2013/06/09/all-debates-are-bravery-debates/)

Like

• Interesting comments about the calculus trap article. I’ll have to give that one a closer read again.

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

The debate about the calculus trap article could be seen as a “bravery debate” as well if you’re defining “bravery debate” to be “Group A really needs perspective X while Group B really needs perspective Y”.

But its probably better for AoPS to not have a position on every issue because it will be taken, by immature middle schoolers, extremely seriously and without the necessary grains of salt. The early calculus issue is probably an issue which AoPS would be better off not endorsing a position on, and instead leaving it to individual students.

Giving it a closer read will reveal that it isn’t in fact as extreme as it can be interpreted to be. Keep in mind that immature middle schoolers, especially those who feel their early “calculus” endeavors have been criticized (even if the main idea is ” theory of relativity” and not “calculus”) may read it as “oh no this calculus based math I do for fun isn’t as good for me as competitions”.

Like

2. To me, the most important qualitative distinction between contests and research has always been this: in research math, you’re supposed to come up with original work, to push the boundary of human knowledge if you want to be a bit more poetic; but in contests, you’re solving “cut-and-dried” problems usually chosen for having neat, approachable, known solutions — problems others have already solved for you, so you’re not creating the same sort of value.

Possibly less value than world-class ping-pong and tennis players, I might argue. I don’t think you can make a career out of solving olympiad math problems (do tell me if you know a way otherwise), but you can out of playing ping-pong and tennis, because the latter are better spectator sports; people enjoy watching them that much more, so by playing you’re creating value for them.

(although certainly you can make a career out of teaching people math or even just grading solutions they wrote, which might involve solving olympiad problems, but the value you’re providing there is pedagogical, not exactly what these contests test you on or prepare you for. Similarly, I am generally more impressed by people writing math contests than doing well at them!)

I am still arguing with myself over the rest of the post and other points brought up in the comments. Perhaps more later.

Like

• dude who likes to comment on stuff

“Creating value” is completely subjective. By doing pure math research, how much value are you really creating? Your work might not ever be applied to anything in the real world, and more than likely the only people who will ever see your work are other mathematicians. Yet, we can argue that it does have value, because developing the field with the intent of expanding the total body of knowledge is sure to indirectly lead to important breakthroughs that do have practical applications. We can argue that math is valuable and beautiful in its own right to a particular audience, and that the practical applications only come as side benefits. And we can even argue that the intellectual culture fostered by pursuing knowledge for the sake of knowledge will indirectly lead to a better world.

It’s just as easy to come up with similar arguments in favor of being a competitor. Without competitors, contests would not exist. And Evan has already covered many of the benefits of math contests, so I’ll spare you the repetition.

But aside from the utilitarian notions of “value,” why do people feel the need to step in and belittle competitors with their rude olympiad-to-research comparisons whenever other people want to show that competitor some due respect? Where do people get the idea that making original contributions is the only intellectually respectable accomplishment, and that everything that is not directly related deserves relentless criticism?

Like

• B’s comment in the post was rude and uncalled-for. Allen Liu and others who do well at math contests have accomplished something great and deserve a lot of respect; they’re pretty likely to accomplish more in the future. Math contests can help you achieve personal growth and meet a peer group and learn general problem-solving skills.

I agree with all that, but still disagree that “‘Creating value’ is completely subjective. I should just have avoided such a vague term as “value” in the first place, so, with no subjective words: Many people are paid full-time to do math research. Nobody is paid full-time to solve contest problems with known solutions under time restrictions.

Based on this, I would say society has come to the consensus that the former career creates more value than the latter, perhaps based on the reasons you gave.

(Research is definitely not the only such more-valued-by-society career — I agree with Evan when he points that there are many other careers where we should be encouraging good problem-solvers to go, and it’s harmful to paint research as the “right and virtuous” career and other careers as somehow lesser. But I find the jump to “the Mantra belittles olympiad medalists” a non sequitur. Problem-solving in other careers does not rely on solving contest problems with known solutions under tight time constraints either.)

And I think this is worth pointing out because I think math contests give diminishing returns after a certain achievement level, at which point you can do other things that will advance your long-term career more (which is not to say continuing to do contests is bad, if you enjoy it and want to); but there is a certain tendency for contestants to keep doing contests for longer just because it’s familiar and they’ve trained so long and invested so much effort for that specific purpose. I would say the takeaway from the Mantra for medalists should be, “Congratulations on medaling, but you won’t be able to rest on your laurels and only keep practicing the exact same skills for being good at olympiads forever.”

If a gold medalist feels that this belittles them or their achievement, that’s unfortunate, and I can’t speak for all the authors of the linked articles, but it’s not my intention.

Taking a step back, though, I also want to reiterate an important point from Anonymous Chicken’s first comment:

the purpose of those articles was to encourage students who did not perform well in Olympiads to not think they are “bad at math”.

Feel free to criticize the articles for the message they send to medalists, but don’t forget that far more people who read them will never have gotten anywhere near an olympiad medal. I think those people could use a few encouraging words, especially if they like math but find math contests discouraging.

Liked by 1 person

• I think there’s a whole debate that you could do about “value” or whatever. Agree it’s an interesting question worth thinking about (and I don’t think the answer is so obvious; undecided myself).

Also happy to hear I’m not the only one that values the pedagogy component of contests :)

Like

3. Another Chicken

I agree with most of your stuff, but I disagree with almost every word of this post.

The problem is tribal. You’re reacting strongly to an attack on your tribe while being totally oblivious to the (much stronger, more numerous, and more harmful) attacks that it’s firing back. Several harmful ‘mantras’ that the Olympiad tribe use are:

1) Only Olympiad people are ‘legit’. The truest measure of intelligence is performance on Olympiads.

People with research experience, like Jacob Barnett, are viewed with suspicion. The general idea is that, even if they know a lot of stuff in some narrow subfield, they _must_ think slower than the Olympiad gods, and hence they’re less legit.

Having now met a lot of people who were too busy learning advanced stuff in high school to do Olympiads, I can say confidently that this is absolutely not the case. But when people read Terence Tao’s biography, they only care about his Olympiad performance, even though everything that came after is much more important.

2) The only thing that matters is ‘being legit’. Smart people (i.e. Olympiad people according to (1)) are the only people worth talking to or working with.

Olympiad people wall themselves off, in places like SPARC (>80% Olympiad when I went), Random, and 3W. This causes some serious myopia and destroys the horizon-expanding benefits of college. How can you speak about economic policy, for example, if you don’t know anybody who had to work during high school? If you don’t know anybody that worries about being able to find a job? Not everybody can or will work in Silicon Valley and Wall Street.

I also ran into this several times when checking out finance companies. The key benefit, repeated over and over again, was that you got to work with Smart People. That your job was to rake in the money you deserved, from your ability to outsmart the market. Needless to say, mantra (2) is an extremely useful recruiting tool for finance, which sucks in Olympiad people like crazy. And though I agree with you on the questionable impact of pure math research, finance is definitely worse.

3) The only useful application of mental energy is solving hard technical problems.

Communication, teaching, and all creative and physical activities are severely undervalued. This is part of what the ‘research vs. olympiads’ mantra is trying to get at: that to be a well-rounded mathematician, you have to do much more than crunch out lemmas quickly.

Worse, mantra (3) pushes Olympiad people out of many fields where they could make substantial impact. Pretty much any job that involves directly helping human beings is ruled out under (3). Public service is out. Law, medicine, and engineering is out. Administrative roles are out, despite their enormous possible impact. Software engineering is almost ruled out, unless you’re at some fancy startup with only Smart People (as per mantra (2)).

All in all, (1), (2), and (3) are collectively more harmful than the ‘olympiads vs. research’ mantra. I don’t see the latter as anything more than a reasonable response to those three.

Liked by 1 person

• Anonymous Chicken

Wow do people really think like this? Horrible!

It is noteworthy though that “the right and virtuous path” notion from the original blog post comes from within “Evan’s tribe” – that “the smart MOPpers do higher math and the dumb MOPpers don’t” – and now you’re claiming that it combines with “the moderately dumb MOPpers do hedge funds or tech startups and no true MOPpers do anything else because then that’d mean they’re really dumb.”

So “Evan’s tribe” is the one that is sinning over and over to be honest. Fortunately Evan himself is so wise!

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

Additionally, the article ‘the calculus trap” might be responsible here too, at least for some of your points.

It could cause students to differentiate environments into “those who put calculus and on a pedestal” and “those who put Olympiads on a pedestal” and consider the former environments “unenlightened” and the latter environments “enlightened”.

Basically I think that “the calculus trap” article needs to be dealt with because it seems to be the cause of students limiting their math perspectives to the competitions.

I think the reason why certain people follow known career paths for contest math alumni like hedge funds and tech startups might not be because they think other career paths are “dumb” but instead because becoming an adult is overwhelming and they want to stick to their comfort zone of solving hard technical problems because they’re too burned out by all the effort they had to spend on contest math and don’t want to put the same amount of effort into broadening their perspectives that most college kids put in.

This is understandable, but if their comfort zones resembled Jacob Barnett’s comfort zone more, they could take a more interesting approach to “where they are already from” and could also explore new possibilities with less burnout (as I’d imagine independent projects like Barnett’s cause less burnout than math competitions), again pointing to “the calculus trap” article as at least a partial source of the problem.

Take a look in how it is used in some of these silly forum threads about using calculus for MATHCOUNTS and stuff like that. Basically I think that Richard should be made aware of all sides of this issue by somebody like Evan whose judgement he would take seriously, if Evan agrees with us.

Like

• Another Chicken,

I agree with you on basically all counts, but diverge from you at the conclusion. The Mantra isn’t saying “olympiads aren’t everything”, it’s saying that “olympiads aren’t everything *because research*”. It’s this last part that I object to.

Changing the Golden Metric from olympiads to research doesn’t seem to be much of an improvement.

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

“I think the reason why certain people follow known career paths for contest math alumni like hedge funds and tech startups might not be because they think other career paths are “dumb” but instead because becoming an adult is overwhelming and they want to stick to their comfort zone of solving hard technical problems because they’re too burned out by all the effort they had to spend on contest math and don’t want to put the same amount of effort into broadening their perspectives that most college kids put in.”

Obviously by “follow” I mean “limit themselves to”. I’m still pretty sure most people follow these career paths for good reasons.

Like

4. Thanks to everyone for the numerous thoughtful comments. I’ve posted short responses to some of them, and edited in some extended responses into the body itself.

Like

5. Just one last point, I guess:

I can very much sympathize with thinking there are jobs that shouldn’t exist because they don’t provide value-as-I-perceive-it to society. Exactly how much society should value any given career is, I agree, a whole other debate. But my objection can be phrased in purely pragmatic terms. If you keep doing something you value but society doesn’t currently, you won’t have a job and won’t be able to provide for yourself.

Like

6. wannabe sparknotes

I think I can summarize this for some people who might have missed the point. The point isn’t that Olympiads are perfect and exempt from any kind of criticism, or that they’re superior to any particular activity or use of time. The point is that out of all the valid criticisms, “Olympiads aren’t research” isn’t one of them. They’re two completely different things with completely different goals.

I think any reasonable person would agree that Olympiads have some serious problems, but failing to emulate research is not one of them.

Liked by 1 person

7. modp

With that in mind, I think there’s also something to be said about the age demographic of AoPS in general; I think a lot of popular threads on the forum sort of degenerate into spam because many users are middle schoolers who do not necessarily have the maturity to navigate the intricacies of potentially a very complex discussion without being rude or overgeneralizing, etc.

I think there is a component to this that should be mentioned, which is that the attitude about wondering how someone who does well on contests would do at research does not necessarily at heart have to have anything to do with the problem that you described. People do analogues of this all of the time in places outside of math, and can do it respectfully too, being just as enthusiastic about the achievement. Unfortunately, this is a very slippery slope, because evidently many people will jump on the “research is more interesting and important than contests” wagon as soon as this sort of thing is even mentioned, so we can’t have a fun (albeit useless, just as wondering if your favorite sports team or player will win the championship next season is) discussion without tons of people disrespecting other people, devaluing the field of contest math, and so on. It doesn’t help when some of the most influential mathematicians with the most far-reaching blogs (like Tao) give the impression that competitors are supposed to go into math, even if they aren’t meaning to and it’s just a lack of nuance in the description.

The best thing that we can all do is to encourage people to pursue what activity they want as long as it isn’t harmful, and not tell them that one activity is superior to another activity. I think as long as we convince people from a young age not to let other people decide what’s important or worth doing for them, and to ignore the noise and elitism and bigotry that might surround them, we’re improving the experiences of others.

Like

8. Brian Brian

I am entering high school and I am also an AOPS user.

I do not plan to become a research mathematician. I am thinking about Silicon Valley tech startups or hedge fund quantitative trading as future career directions.

I do contest math with two main objectives: 1) to pick up math knowledge/problem solving/intellectual thinking abilities that are needed for my desired careers choices, 2) to stand out on my college application. There are some other minor benefits I also reap (e.g. meeting smart people, contest problems and tournaments themselves being somewhat interesting — ARML, HMMT and so forth remind me much of going to an AAU basket tournament in another state with my “bros”).

I allocate my hours to contest math training to target for USAMO qualification (but not MOP qualification) as I need to spend time on other things like coding, sports, debate, reading/writing, student government and potentially Intel tracked research projects.

My question: Is my target of USAMO qualification optimal for my two main objectives? I think it is probably an overkill for objective 1), but not quite enough for objective 2). But maybe it is the best compromise?

Like

9. older IMO vet

1. The semi-dismissive attitude “let’s see how they do in the big leagues” is appropriate to the degree that the competition is the youth version of a professional activity. It makes sense as something to say about a junior world champion in chess or tennis, where nearly all of the stars go on to become professionals, but less so for the world championship of Little League Baseball where it is understood that there is not much relationship between being on a winning team and becoming a pro. The math olympiads are intermediate between those examples. Almost everyone gets some type of math-based university degree, about half try their hand at PhDs, maybe a third or a quarter actually become researchers. Those are high numbers compared to the retention rate from the high school elite to the pros in most sports.

2. The same question is raised more intensively about Intel, Westinghouse etc since historically these have been pretty inefficient at identifying talent, and the olympiads have been better at that (but getting worse as they professionalize).

3. Math olympiads are derivative of mathematics academia in almost every important way: the set of people who invent the problems, the origin of most (good) problems in some sort of research, the motivation for organizing and funding it (to encourage people who will research or apply non-competition mathematics in their careers). Every major national olympiad is run by people with mathematics doctorates.

4. Although different from research in various ways that are often remarked upon, at the end of the day the olympiads are set up to identify and encourage the same sort of talent that is associated with top mathematics research, and (except for a few competitions watched or sponsored by industry) not really meant as a resume signal for elite jobs. I don’t think people really view Tao, Scholze or Perelman’s olympiad performance as a separate activity from their later careers, indeed, those were key steps in their progress toward becoming researchers. When their olympiad performance is held up as exemplary it is to validate the idea of olympiads as a science talent search. And this view has some objective justification.

(This is in reply to the blog post, not the comments per se.)

Liked by 1 person

10. Anonymous Chicken

Looking back I’m kind of disgusted by a lot of what I wrote on this post’s comments section. I’m also too lazy to reread all of it in detail, but I just wanted to condemn or else clarify some of it on principle and also for the good of anybody who by some remote chance thinks stuff I put on the internet is useful enough to be influenced by it.

First off however, I still maintain that the Calculus Trap is a bad article not because of what it says per se (that could be a case of Bravery Debates) but for what it doesn’t say and how it could be misinterpreted by immature people such as those who took it as a reason to look down on Jacob Barnett because of the “prestige of calculus is a Muggle mental illness” mentality and perhaps those who Evan and Another Chicken describe as being elitist and tending to wall off outsiders if this is a motivation for doing that. This is also the basis of me having a personal grudge against the article as it caused my younger self to severely undervalue certain calculus based endeavors I had worked hard at. I’m disappointed to see its still on AoPS without a comments section to broaden the perspective of anybody reading it.

A few months ago I took this article as an opportunity to attack that article due to a personal grudge and thus didn’t really think about everything else I was saying but I guess the point was “Olympiads aren’t everything” and also an attempt to pitch a form of independent study which I was designing as an educator and called “Where I’m From”.

I’ve learned the hard way as an educator that “Where I’m From” as I envisioned it (take what you have in mind about what I meant and make it 1000 times crazier) is a VERY hard to implement initiative (though we can come marginally closer by promoting things like high school research) and Olympiads are a lot easier to implement, so where “Where I’m From” can’t be implemented (which is basically everywhere), the implementation of competition math training is a huge contribution to STEM education, though systems for things like high school research should also be implemented. I’m also not entirely clear on the extent to which the scope of this discussion is math education vs STEM education but math seems like a relatively hard subject to do research in as a high school or middle school student.

However there are some people who need to stop thinking skill level within contest math is some linear hierarchy, and respond to not making JMO or USAMO by taking it unofficially and realizing they can beat official competitors, even sometimes MOP/IMO people, and also realize different people are better at different topics within contest math.

More importantly, but this is seemingly less of a problem right now, people need to realize that there is no reason to believe they would be worse at math research let alone other STEM based on contests. Gauss never took a math contest. Yet there are people who are discouraged from math and sometimes other fields due to there being a lot of strong Olympiad people in that field, to whom people feel inferior. People need to be aware of “singular goals versus consistency”. Solving a particular, even if technical, problem like a research problem is a singular goal, and a person’s ability to deliver on singular goals is very different from the ability to be consistently good at a skill. Our society overvalues “consistent competency” which Olympiads are an example of and that’s why people need to recognize diminishing returns.

That being said, promoting contest math and Olympiads is a huge contribution to STEM education and I don’t want any of what I said to be interpreted as saying otherwise – and it was not the intention. I feel very strongly about the benefits of contest math and Olympiads, and in agreement with the blog post, and want to correct the fact that my previous comments seem to be from a contrary direction. For some reason at that moment in my life, I felt the need to make the point that people shouldn’t feel like they won’t be as good at even another contest math topic or problem, let alone some other activity, based on contests, should be aware of other “head fakes” for solving hard technical problems, and should be aware of “singular goals versus consistency”. “Singular goals vs consistency” and an attack on the Calculus Trap articles were two of my main objectives at the time. I want to condemn the degree to which I sounded contrarian on this post which is in fact something I absolutely love and plan to cite a lot to support my advocacy for contest math. More information about the benefits of math contests can be found in the article itself, and I’m in agreement with all of it (also Evan Chen is a more reputable source than me).

There is also obviously a career for which contest math does serve as a “Where I’m From” and that is the career of somebody who trains people for math competitions – which is part of the career (officially or unofficially) of anybody who is commenting on this post, I assume. Its a great way to keep in touch with the math you know and love, even if college or your other career endeavor is making you feel a little less confident due to the mantra ringing true.

And while to my knowledge, contest math coaching is unlikely to be somebody’s entire career (I think it is for AoPS instructors but Zuming was also a teacher at Phillips Exeter and Po Shen Loh is also a prof at CMU for example) but one career that doesn’t require further technical knowledge except AP Calc BC (though probably requires completion of more undergrad math) and where a lot of ex-Olympians could make a huge difference is being a curricular school math teacher – and not just teaching at a school like Exeter as in Zuming’s case, but perhaps at a school where nobody has ever heard of a math competition (perhaps coaching contest math elsewhere on the side to keep doing that until one is able to motivate people in the school where they teach curricular math).

Right now AoPS is used by the top 1% of students at the top 1% of schools. This is part of the points about privilege Another Chicken was trying to highlight. Now suppose kids at an under-served district get to have Evan Chen as their geometry teacher and he finds a few kids who are bored and gives them AMC, AIME and ultimately Olympiad problems for extra credit, and tells them that the AMC and AoPS exists – in addition to incorporating aspects of the contest math/AoPS philosophy into even how he teaches the regular high school material. I’m no Evan Chen, but I teach both contest math and middle/high school math and try to treat teaching contest math and teaching curricular school math with as little difference as possible.

Instead, what being a math teacher requires is social and pedagogical skills. Which is something that it was pointed out on another more recent blog post that more math Olympians could do well to develop, perhaps by being a little less elitist, as highlighted by another theme in the discussion on this page.

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

Also Evan Chen was just an example. Evan, I don’t know you personally and was not trying to tell you what career to follow – that is entirely up to you :P

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

Also if you know a person like Jacob Barnett, do all you can to encourage them. I suppose what I meant by “Where I’m From” being hard to implement is that the systematic “production” of Jacob Barnetts by teachers seems more difficult and setting up programs to train contest math – but let me know if you figure out a way.

Like

• Anonymous Chicken

In the below post, by “systematically produce Jacob Barnetts” I mean allow more people to give stuff like that a try in a variety of different fields and see how they like it, at a young age.

Like

11. Anonymous Chicken

Also I didn’t address this explicitly and cannot stress it enough: regardless of their actual ability to teach skills that are useful for anything else, competition math achievements are incredibly useful as pillars of strength in an uncertain world. This should not be limited to official results, and should include even individual problems one solves in training or unofficial testing as “achievements”.

Like

12. Gray Sphere

A witty response to the mantra: Pure mathematicians do math for its own sake, independent of any value to applications. Can’t contest math people do contest math for its own sake independent of any value to pedagogical applications including research?

Like